Cola Wars Group Case Analysis Essay

After reviewing the case and doing an in-depth analysis of the industry, we found that the concentrate industry is profitable for a variety of reasons. Chief amongst the reasons for the industry’s profitability is the remarkable net profit percentage at 35% (Exhibit1). When compared to the yahoo finance page that we viewed in class, the concentrate industry would rank amongst the top ten most profitable industries. If we compare the concentrate industry to the bottling industry, we see that the concentrate industry dwarfs the bottling industry meager 9%. In fact, if we compare it to retail and CPI (measure of the average change in price of consumer items over time), it is evident that the price growth in the concentrate industry performs better than both measures from 1988 to 2000 (Exhibit 2). This suggest that not only is the concentrate more profitable than the retail function, but also, the concentrate industry is performing better (from a revenue standpoint) than the average house hold good. We can also see that from 1970 to 1998 on Exhibit 3 in the case, the consumption of carbonated drinks has consistently increased, whereas most other liquids have been inconsistent. Since carbonated drinks are dependent upon the concentrate producers, this data would suggest that he the concentrate industry has longevity along with the carbonated soft drink industry. Despite the great profitability of the concentrate industry, there have been very few firms to successfully enter the industry. Using Porter’s Five Forces model, it is apparent why so few firms enter the concentrate business. Two of Porters’ Five Forces are very low, the power of buyers and the power of suppliers. The power of buyers is very important in any industry, and the lower the power of those buyers the better for the industry as a whole. However, there are two ways of looking at the power of buyers in the concentrate industry. First, the bottlers who are buying the concentrate and mixing it with the carbonated water and other ingredients have very low power. Coke and Pepsi have both consolidated bottlers and changed them because of price changes and other factors. Therefore, these buyers have no power because they can be easily replaced at a very little cost to the concentrate producers. The second way of looking at buyers in this industry is the consumer who is actually buying the end product. These consumers have a great deal of buying power. For example, the entire soda industry has been declining in recent years due to a higher awareness of health concerns of drinking soda as well as other replacements being more appealing to customers, such as flavored water and sports drinks. Coke and Pepsi have been competing for market share and customers are the factor that affects market share. The companies are competing for the customers’ business, giving them higher power in the industry. The power of suppliers is also very low. The raw materials that supply the concentrate industry are not hard to find and have been replaced many times throughout the history of the concentrate industry. The suppliers of the raw materials have no power over the concentrators and will not be able to affect the prices they sell their product for. This in turn, makes the industry that much more profitable because of this low power of suppliers. Another one of Porter’s Five Forces is threat of entry, which is very low for the concentrate industry due to the presence of so many entry barriers. There are seven barriers to entry; supply-side economies of scale, demand-side economies of scale, customer switching costs, capital requirements, incumbency advantages independent of size, and restrictive government policies. Supply-side economies of scale means when producing larger volumes, the cost per unit decreases. Coke and Pepsi concentrate producers have economies of scale due to the fact that they have huge capacity. With this large capacity, their fixed costs are lower than any rivals. The case stated that one concentrate plant could serve the entire United States. This increases the power that Coke and Pepsi concentrate producers already have. They also have demand-side economies of scale, meaning the existing concentrate producers have a very extensive network, and new entrants would be at a disadvantage if they decided to enter because Coke and Pepsi already dominate the industry. Customer switching costs are low if talking about the end consumers of soft drinks, because consumers can easily switch from Coke to Pepsi without incurring extra costs. With respect to the customers being the bottlers, who buy the concentrate and finish the production process, their switching costs are much higher. The case mentioned contracts that the bottlers have with Coke and Pepsi, and if switching, the bottlers would have to go through extensive paperwork and deal with legal concerns. Another barrier to entry is capital requirements. The concentrate industry is very unique and actually does not require very much capital investment to start things up. The majority of the concentrate producers’ costs are in marketing efforts, rather than the production of concentrate itself. However, this barrier is still high because all the investment Coke and Pepsi have put into building their brands is very high. If a new concentrate producer were to try to enter the industry, they would have to invest a lot of money into getting their name out there, and gaining a sizeable market share would be nearly impossible. This established brand leads to the mention of another entry barrier, incumbency advantages independent of size. Everyone knows who Coke and Pepsi are, and they have very high brand equity. This makes entry into the concentrate industry very difficult. There is also the experience aspect. The current concentrate producers know exactly what to do to keep costs down and produce a consistent product efficiently. A new entrant may run into some roadblocks strictly due to lack of experience. Both Coke and Pepsi have been in the industry for a very long time, so they have an immediate advantage. Unequal access to distribution channels is another very high entry barrier for the concentrate industry. Coke and Pepsi have established relationships with suppliers and buyers of their product. A new entrant would have difficulty accessing channels of distribution, because they have all already contracted with one of the existing companies. The final barrier to entry is restrictive government policies. The case mentioned several issues with regulation when speaking of Coke and Pepsi’s efforts to go international. For example, â€Å"When Coke attempted to acquire Cadbury Schweppes’ international practice, it ran into regulatory roadblocks in Europe and in Mexico and Australia, where Coke’s market shares exceed 50%† (Page 14). There is also mention of a mandatory certification for bottled water. This certification caused smaller local brands to fail. After analyzing all the barriers to entry, it is obvious that the threat of entry into the concentrate is very low, contributing even more to the industry’s profitability. Threat of substitutes, another of Porter’s five forces, is also low in the concentrate industry. The soda industry is very profitable, with Americans drinking soda at higher levels than any other beverage. Traditional substitutes such as water, coffee, tea, and milk have never served as a real threat in concentrate producers’ 100 plus year history. In recent times, consumer trends have brought the emergence of other alternatives including Diet Sodas and â€Å"non-carb† beverages. The Large concentrate producers have been on the vanguard of these trends, adapting new alternatives with a changing market. However, the primary concentrate companies, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Dr. Pepper still dominate the market. The brand power that has been established over the last century is not likely to be challenged by a newcomer despite the low startup costs for concentrate factories. In essence, the major concentrate companies have become their own substitutes, transferring losses due to substitutes. Porter’s fifth force is rivalry among existing competitors. While the two major concentrate industry’s competitors initially had fierce competition, the threat of competition outside of Coke and Pepsi is relatively low. The phase of price driven competition ended and now the Coke vs. Pepsi war is played out with differentiation through advertising and brand lifestyle. This form of co-operation, where prices remain relatively high with only temporary store promotions, increased the overall profitability for Coke and Pepsi. The brand loyalty established over the last century means that the threat of substitutes is low and competition is generally for marginal changes in market share. Rivalry among concentrate companies has also expanded to new venues, such as sports drinks and bottled water. But aside from the primary concentrate companies, there is no real threat to market share. This analysis confirms that all of Porter’s Five Forces are low, meaning industry profitability is high. Although high profitability would in most cases attract new firms to enter the industry, there are a variety of reasons that is not the case for the concentrate industry, as mentioned above. Coke and Pepsi have almost created an oligopoly out of the concentrate industry, and their strong brand identities will keep them far ahead of any possible entrants.

Industry Report – Hotel & Tourism

However, the easing of the Australian dollar has been a welcome development. The latest Mastered-OTF sentiment survey indicates that international industry sentiment remains relatively stable. Notably, however, 50% of those surveyed saw the Australian dollar as having a high impact on their business, highlighting the potential upside of the local currency easing. Growth In International visitor arrivals continues to Impress International visitor arrivals grew 4. 9% over the year to March while International visitor nights grew 7. 2%, significantly outpacing average growth of the last decade. While this growth has been largely led by the emerging Asian economies, particularly China which accounted for more than a third of total growth in visitor arrivals, there has also been a sustained pick up in visitor arrivals from the US. ; Increasing length of stay by Japanese visitors was also a key contributor to visitor night growth. The outlook for international visitors remains robust ; Des pite a marginally weaker economic outlook, Dolomite Access Economics continues to project solid growth in international visitor arrivals and nights over the next three years, with arrivals forecast to grow by 4. 5% p. A. ND nights by 4. 9% p. A. ; While the outlook for growth in Chinese visitors has moderated slightly, China is expected to remain the single largest contributor to growth, with visitor nights forecast to grow by 6. 7% p. A. Over the next three years. Overall, Asia is projected to account for two thirds of forecast growth In International violators nights. ; In an encouraging sign for the nation's larger regional tourism destinations, recent trends have revealed Chinese travelers Tropical North Queensland are now frequented more commonly by Chinese leisure visitors than by international leisure travelers generally.The domestic visitor market entities to expand After a decade of weak or negative growth, the domestic tourism market rebounded strongly in the first half of 2012. While this rapid rate of growth has not been maintained, the domestic market has continued to expand, with visitor nights increasing 2. 2% over the year to March 2013. Strengthening leisure market forecast to be the key driver of domestic growth Corporate travel has been the predominant driver of domestic tourism growth over the last decade.However a softer domestic economic outlook and signs of a continued pick-up in holiday travel indicate the leisure segment playing a more reorient role in driving domestic tourism over the next few years – particularly if the Australian dollar continues to recede. ; Holiday visitor nights grew 1 1. 6% in the March quarter and by 3. 7% over the year to March. This represents the fastest rate of growth since before the SGF and considerably narrowed the gap with outbound leisure travel, which grew by 4. % over the same period. ; Overall, Dolomite Access Economics forecasts domestic visitor nights to grow at an average rate of 1. 6% p. A. Over the next three years. Hotel occupancy rates in Brisbane and Perth ease while mailer markets record strong growth ; In a clear sign that travel associated with the mining sector is slowing, the last two quarters saw a softening in occupancy rates in Brisbane and Perth with average occupancies for the year to May 2013 around 2% lower than the previous year. However, growth in domestic holiday travel has been good news for destinations such as the Gold Coast where occupancy rates continue to improve, while Tropical North Queensland has benefited from strong growth in international visitor nights. A softer domestic economic outlook is moderating growth recasts for several major hotel markets ; Growth in occupancies and room rates in markets associated with mining-related corporate travel, such as Brisbane and Perth, is forecast to be more subdued, as the resource-related construction boom reaches its peak.At the same time, the weakening of the Australian dollar is forecast to pr ovide further support for room rates and occupancies in leisure-oriented markets. ; Nevertheless, and despite a strengthening investment pipeline, demand is forecast to outstrip supply and, accordingly, occupancy rates are forecast to grow 2% and room rates by 3. % p. A. Nationally over the three years to December 2015. Tourism and Hotel Market Outlook – Half yearly update 2013 2 The macroeconomic context with the US dollar since early 2011, the Australian dollar lost significant ground in May.By the end of May, the Australian dollar had fallen to IIS$O. 96, while the Trade Weighted Index (TWIT), which measures the strength of Australia's currency against its trading partners, fell from 78. 2 on the 1st of May to 74. 0 by the end of the month. At the time of writing the Australian dollar had fallen to IIS$O. 92 and the TWIT had fallen to 71. 2. The decline in the Australian dollar against its major trading partners was partly precipitated by the Reserve Banks decision in May to reduce the official cash rate to 2. 5%, while an announcement by the Federal Reserve of a possible tapering' of its quantitative easing strategy has caused a more recent drop against the US dollar. The decline in the Australian dollar is good news for local tourism operators. Previous Dolomite Access Economics research for Tourism Australia found that the value of the Australian dollar has a relatively modest impact on the decision to visit Australia. However, it has a more pronounced impact on the level of spending undertaken by visitors once they arrive, which is likely to be of greater importance for many tourism operators.The moderation of the Australian dollar is also likely to further slow growth in outbound travel by Australians as the overcompensation's of local destinations improves. Despite the pace of the recent moderation, the longer term outlook for the local currency remains relatively unchanged with the Australian dollar projected to remain at IIS$O. 80 from 2018-1 9. The global outlook The moderation of the Australian currency relative to the US dollar as been driven in part by an improved outlook for the US economy.The most recent figures from the US show that real GAP grew by 0. 6% in the March quarter up from the 0. 1% recorded in the December quarter. Over the year to March, US real GAP grew by 1. 8%. Moreover, the US housing market continues to strengthen, with the S&P Case Sheller 20-City Composite Home Price Index rising by 10. 9% over the year to March 2013 and housing approvals rising almost 21% since May 2012. Encouraging figures have also appeared from the US labor market, with the unemployment rate falling to 7. % in April (though it edged up to 7. % in May). However, looking beyond the headline data reveals a labor market which remains soft. This is especially evident in the employment to population ratio (capturing both unemployment and workforce participation), which remains essentially unchanged from the depths reached in late 2009. This data suggests that the falling unemployment rate has mainly been due to individuals dropping out of the labor force rather than strong employment growth.These emerging signs of recovery – along with recent improvements in consumer confidence – suggest that, although fiscal consolidation ill limit the speed of the nation's economic recovery, the US is better placed than previously to handle the impact of $85 billion in budget cuts associated with the ‘sequester' and a 2% increase in payroll tax. By comparison, the outlook for Chinese growth is slightly weaker than forecast six months ago with growth falling from 7. 9% over the year to December 2012 to 7. 7% over the year to March 2013.Growth continues to be supported by infrastructure spending and housing construction with recent growth in real estate prices prompting renewed concerns about the potential or a housing price bubble in China. Growth in both consumer spending and the longer term, China wil l need to rebalanced its growth towards higher wages and increased consumer spending, which is likely to imply a slower but more balanced growth trajectory. The COED Economic Outlook forecasts Chinese growth to remain at 7. 8% in 2013, before rising to 8. 4% in 2014 on the back of an acceleration of global trade.In Europe, fiscal austerity has continued to hamper growth with unemployment in the region climbing further. While austerity measures have increased the level of lattice instability in some member states, the European Central Banks actions in purchasing government bonds has reduced the risk of a severe collapse over the last eighteen months. The COED expects growth in the Euro area of in 2013 before recovering to 1 . 1% in 2014. By comparison, the outlook is slightly stronger for Japan as monetary easing has led to a depreciation of the yen since November 2012, although the COED is forecasting growth of only 1. % in 2013. On the whole, the global outlook remains broadly simi lar to six months ago, with more promising signs f recovery in the US being counterbalanced by a slightly softer outlook for China's economy and continued weakness in the Rezone. The domestic outlook In Australia, concerns have been growing about the capacity of the non-mining sectors to sustain growth once the resource-related construction boom peaks. The economy grew by 0. 6% in the March quarter to be up by 2. 5% over the year, but growth was largely driven by an improvement in net exports.A decline in new engineering construction in the quarter has prompted increasing concerns that the mining construction boom has begun to peak. While Dolomite Access Economics expects resource-related construction to plateau for some time before receding, alternative sources of growth must be forthcoming if an economic slowdown is to be avoided. While there is evidence that housing construction and the retail sector are beginning to grow, the recovery in both sectors has been relatively mild to date. Residential construction activity grew by only 2. % over the year to March, while retail expenditure grew by 3. 1% over the year to April. The decision by the Reserve Bank to cut interest rates to a record low of 2. 75% in May should act to Arthur stimulate the housing and retail sectors. At the same time, while the decision by the Federal government to delay a return to budget surplus to 2015-16 has been welcomed, indicators suggest business confidence has weakened in recent months due to concerns about the impending peak in construction activity in the resources sector.

Does lupron provide a better outcome for first line treatment in Thesis

Does lupron provide a better outcome for first line treatment in advanced prostate cancer - Thesis Example Introduction In spite of all the dramatic advances in the understanding of disease processes, medical science and medical technologies, cancer remains a disease of special focus in present times, because of the challenges that it continues to pose as a life threatening disease. Most of the cancer diseases tend to be chronic, with a strong possibility of causing the death of the individual, yet take years to develop, before presenting any signs and symptoms of the disease. There is limited clarity in how cancer diseases develop and the exact etiology of most cancers is yet to be clearly defined. Treatment of many cancers involves employing repeated interventions and multiple approaches at the different stages of the disease. The treatment strategy in many of the cancer diseases is more of hope at curing the patients and with the more definite aim of managing the disease, so as to extend the period of survival, with better quality of life in terms of comfort alertness, and function. In the United States of America (U.S.A) the disease of cancer continues to remain a major concern in society, as many of the modern diseases show a declining trend, bit in the case of the cancer diseases more people are developing the disease over the few decades (Grenwald, 2002). Prostate cancer is a cancer that affects the male gender only. Widespread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is used in U.S.A. to detect prostate cancer, while it is clinically localized, so that the many forms of interventions available for the early stage of prostate cancer may be used in an attempt to cure the patient of the disease. Yet, many patients still present themselves in hospitals demonstrating evidence of progressive, metastatic, or recurrent prostate cancer. Limited effective treatment strategies are possible in advanced prostate cancer, and in many of the cases, the disease progresses to the palliative care stage. In 2008, 28,660 men died in the U.S.A from prostate cancer, making it the most common malignant disease in men. This statistic points to the need for identifying the treatment strategies that provide the best outcomes for advanced prostate cancer in men, so as to improve the outcome for these patients (Phillips & Petrylak, 2010). 2. Literature Review 2.1. Development of Prostrate Cancer Every cancer has been found to be associated or suspected of association with risk factors. In the case of prostate cancer, evidence from studies have shown that the environmental exposures and dietary nutrients, family history, advancement in age and hormonal factors in conjunction act to alter the genetic architecture in the individual, supporting the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. The use of epidemiological data emphasizes the possibility of environmental factors in the development of prostate cancer. For example, Asians as a racial group are less prone to prostate cancer, for which their poor hygiene and diet are believed to be the cause. This can be s een from Asian migrants in the

Discussion Board - Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Board - Ethics - Essay Example Using a quotation partially is a very widely spread and officially allowed technique in scientific writing, however, I am aware of the fact that like this, its author’s position might be distorted (either voluntarily or non-voluntarily, as people often tend to â€Å"interpret† opinions of others and see what they want to see). In other words, a part of quotation that is taken out of the context, can serve to support virtually any statement or idea. That is why I choose, while writing my papers, to keep in mind the norms and guidelines of scientific ethics, which presupposes that I should only use quotations when I am 100% sure that it truly reflects the idea of its author. Dilemma 2. One more issue of ethical character that I want to talk about is something that I never participated in personally but seen it in a family of my close friend – and considered it quite a complicated dilemma. The problem is the one of putting elderly people into nursing homes. To my strong belief, elderly people most of all need care and love, their family that can provide them with the feeling of security, safety, stability, and being needed. On the other hand, many aged people who are practically helpless sometimes refuse to move in with their children or grandchildren. As a result, many families with elderly relatives often find themselves in a sort of â€Å"vicious circle†: they know that their old ones need help, but cannot give this help because, say, their parents or grandparents do not want to move in with them, and the kids cannot devote enough of their time to the aged people. In this situation, many families prefer to turn to nursery homes that very often provide even better conditions than many people have at home. Elderly people are given full medical care there, they are free from any household duties and have plenty of opportunities to spend their time with people of their own

You Live, You May or Not Learn Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

You Live, You May or Not Learn - Research Paper Example In doing so, Austen emphasizes that people depend on social conventions to make it through life; revealing that neither youth nor old age makes for a wise person. Although human nature may tend towards making mistakes, Austen suggests that it is not how old you are that makes for folly, it is whether you think you are always right. Anne Elliot and Fredrick Wentworth make mistakes and learn from them and Sir Walter Elliot and his daughter Elizabeth Elliot say and do foolish things all the time and never learning anything. Introduction There are two types of individuals in this world, male or female. The first category says, ‘Whatever I say is correct.’ The other category says, ‘Whatever correct is there in the world, belongs to me.’ The differentiation apparently looks so simple, but in reality it is profound. The former categories of individuals are egoistic. The latter are willing to learn from own experience and from the experiences of others. Sir Walter E lliot and his daughter Elizabeth Elliot belong to the first category and Anne Elliot and Fredrick Wentworth belong to the latter category. What is theory alter all? It is other man’s experience. A man of experience may not have academic degrees to boast of. He studies in the college of self-education, where his mind is his principal; his initiative, the professors; his hard work, the tutors. Such individuals have a measured approach to different situations in life. In â€Å"Persuasion† Jane Austen deals with complex class and gender relations related to the nineteenth century English middle-class society. An author, howsoever intelligently one may try, will not be able to sweep under the carpet one’s own life-experiences while penning the characters in the literary works. Jane Austen is no exception to this rule. As her career progresses (per se, she also attains maturity in her thinking with the advancing age) I am able to see a romantic shift in the feminist a nd individualistic ideology and she begins to show varying cognitive qualities in her heroines and other characters. She depends on her experience to portray her character’s and her heroines bring alive the prevailing aspects of feminism of the 19th century England. Actions are based upon emotions and the genesis of emotion is in the experiences gained in real life situations. One discovers one’s happiness and pursuit of goals by instinct and through the play of emotions. This perspective of life may be easy for the women of the 21st century. But Jane Austen’s heroines belong to the 19th century male-dominated society, wherein women have little or no voice to feel free, think free and to act free. To understand the correct meaning of ‘You Live, You May or Not Learn,’ it is necessary to study the outline of the plot created by Jane Austen in â€Å"Persuasion.† The implied meaning of persuasion is applying pressure to convince about something t o someone. Here is the head of the family Sir Walter Elliot, who is not willing to listen to anyone on any issue and takes decisions that affect his three daughters according to his whims and fancies. Lady Elliot has died fourteen years ago, leaving behind the asset of three daughters. Elizabeth and Anne are single, but the younger one is married to a wealthy individual. Sir Walter’s lavish lifestyles, and living beyond the means to maintain the level of prestige, which he thinks he commands in the society, brings the family to a sad pass. When he is asked to prune his budget by a well-wisher of the family, Lady Russell, Sir Walters resents her counsel. According to him, he lives the ideal standard of life, befitting the essential dignity of the family, but the reality

Global running and competitive situation analysis of YUM Brands, Inc Essay

Global running and competitive situation analysis of YUM Brands, Inc. 182 - Essay Example This is because the company competes in a more like middle-size place with competitors like McDonald’s Corp and Doctor’s Associates Inc. being considered the large-size and small-size respectively. An outstanding characteristic of YUM is that as a food provider, it has a limitless number of target market which is partly a reason for its periodic yearly growth in revenue and net incomes as seen in table 1 below. the financial success of the company has been achieved with over 1,500,000 employees around the world and with divisions in China and India, as well as subsidiaries including KFC and Pizza Hut (Cash, 2012). The contribution of the restaurant industry in global economics cannot be overemphasized. Interestingly, apart from the contributions made by the industry already, it is expected to grow even further. From the figure below, it will be noted that by 2018, the value of the industry is expected to reach  £1,945 billion by 2018, which is 42.6% of growth since 2013. Again, according to MarketLine (2014), the industry is expected to play key role in reducing unemployment and thus improving the global economic outlook with a volume of 69,119 thousand employees, representing a growth of 10.8% from 2013 size.YUM however places a versatile role in the industry as its company dynamics represents what prevails with most other industry players (Narayan, 2013). YUM was therefore selected for its representative nature in business. Within the larger global food industry, restaurants and cafes are known to have the largest segment in terms of category segmentation. MarketLine (2014) actually estimates these two to contribute to 53.8% of the industry’s total value. This means that the growth of restaurant and cafes represent the overall growth of the restaurant or food industry. The aim of the research is therefore to find out ways in which the restaurant industry can reach its forecasted growth levels through the individual global competitive growth

Catcher in the Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Catcher in the Rye - Essay Example They keep themselves hidden in order to attain their wants or in order to be benefitted in every situation. One of the reasons why Holden calls Pency Prep phony is the advertisement in various magazines as stated in the passage above and their steak for dinner every Saturday that when parents come on Sunday they will ask their children what they had for dinner and they would answer steak, when in fact their steak is a hard slab piece of meat that nobody wants to eat (Saliner19). One of Holden’s struggles in life is the death of his younger brother Allie. His brother Allie, who He loved dearly died due to leukemia. Holden described him as the nicest person he knew, who never gets mad regardless of the fact that he had red hair which is known to be related to bad temper. He also described him as the most intelligent in their family, fifty times more intelligent than he was. Holden cannot cope with the lost of his younger brother due to leukemia that is why his life seems like a mess. He had been to four schools before and faces expulsion due to having failing marks in four out of his five subjects without worrying about them. Game, my ass. Some game. If you get on the side where all the hot-shots are, then its a game, all right--Ill admit that. But if you get on the other side, where there arent any hot-shots, then whats a game about it? Nothing. No game (Salinger 5). The above passage expressed by Mr. Spencer to Holden during their talk before Holden left Pency. Life is a game where you have to follow the rules; you have to follow the norms and the laws. In order for you to succeed you have to go mainstream, face the things and problems that life brings you because it will make you a better person in the process. You have to fight your way, exert your best effort and struggle hard to win. If you stop fighting and just stand in one corner, doing nothing, life will eat you

For developing nations, tourism has been seen as the road to Essay

For developing nations, tourism has been seen as the road to development. Choose one area and identify the specific benefits and cost of tourism to the area. Th - Essay Example The income generated from these tourists, in turn, facilitates the countries to meet the conservation costs of these cultural assets. However, an accelerated development in the tourism leads a country to pay great costs associated with the sustainability of its national heritage. Therefore, tourism brings both benefits and costs to a country. Singapore is one of those developing countries that are benefiting a lot from the growth of tourism industry. This paper sheds light on various costs and benefits associated with the cultural tourism in the country, in particular, the costs that the country is paying for its quest to commercialise the industry in the competitive tourism market. Cultural tourism is one of the rapidly growing fields of tourism that are becoming more and more attractive for travellers across the globe. Tourists’ destinations in the developing world such as Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong, India etc are especially known for their cultural attractions for the visitors coming from the developed world. The profound importance of culture in the tourism lies in the innate quest of human beings to inquire into cultural assets and values of different countries, in particular, those that serve to be the remnants of historical traditions. There happen to two general categories associated with cultural attractions at a tourist’s destination. The first one refers to ‘tangible heritage’ that includes landscapes, physical assets and properties, whereas the other one falls into the category of ‘intangible heritage’ constituting norms, values and mixes that various cultures shares (Saunders, 2004). Developing countries, in particular the Asian region is richly endowed with cultural heritage that attracts tourists from different corners of the world to these places. This has particularly led to the enormous development of countries in the East Asian region. However, as tourism leads to modernisation, this development is

Coco Chanel Essay Example for Free

Coco Chanel Essay Coco Chanel Coco Chanel was one of the most prominent fashion designers of the 20th century. Her contribution in the development of fashion can hardly be underestimated. In fact, she revolutionized fashion in a way, since she was one of the first fashion designers who made women think of themselves first rather than think how they look for their men, which was a traditional view on female fashion at the epoch. In actuality, the significance and her great contribution in the development of fashion as well as 20th century culture at large was marked by her contemporaries as well as modern specialists. For instance, she was the only person in the field of fashion design to be named on TME Magazine’s 100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century (Charles-Roux, 145). In such a way, she gained a public approval and popularity which made her name one of the most recognizable in the fashion world. At the same time, her life was quite difficult, especially during her early years and war time periods. In fact, she witnessed two world wars but she kept working regardless of all the problems and challenges she faced in her life. In fact, her work was her true passion she remained devoted to from her early life until the end. Gabrielle Bonheur â€Å"Coco† Chanel was born on August 19, 1883. She was a second daughter of travelling salesman Albert Chanel and Jeanne Devolle in a small city of Saumur, France (Orecklin, 49). In fact, her family was poor and she was raised in poverty stricken neighborhood along with her five siblings. Remarkably, when she got her birth certificate her name misspelled â€Å"Chasnel† because nobody knew how to spell Chanel correctly. As a result, the mayor of the city had to improvise and added the letter â€Å"S† in her name, which later became a serious problem for her biographers, who could not trace her origin and define genealogical tree because of such an error in her name (Orecklin, 51). However, the misspelling of her name was definitely not the biggest misfortune that happened to her in her early life. She lived in poverty and was practically of an opportunity to get a good education. Moreover, when she was twelve, her mother died of tuberculosis that provoked a serious psychological trauma for the child. At the same time, her father could not stay with the children all the time. He had to work to earn for living and to maintain the family, in which he was the only breadwinner. This is why Coco Chanel was sent to the orphanage of the Catholic monastery of Aubazine, where she spent seven years and where she received her basic education. In fact, it is in the monastery she learned the trade of seamstress. However, she did not spend all the time in the monastery. During the vacations she went to her relatives in a provincial city, where her female relatives taught her to sew with more flourish than the nuns in the monastery were able to demonstrate. In such a way, her interest, her passion to design had started to develop since her childhood as she learned to sew and gradually she became very skilful in this field. At this point, it should be said that she was apparently a gifted person since she managed to develop her skills and abilities to the extent that she became able not only to create traditional wear, but she proved to be able to experiment and find new, original solutions, which were unusual for her time (Dwight, 119). However, at the early started to demonstrate her talent, which though was immature at the epoch. Nevertheless, her professional knowledge, to a significant extent, defined her further life, as her first job was the work at a local tailor, where she was employed at the age of eighteen as she left the orphanage. In fact, it was her first step in her professional career insignificant it seems to be, but still it was very important in regard to her future professional career since she could have hardly find a different work. Moreover, it was the only work where she could realize her full potential and implement her creative ideas while developing new wear. At the same time, it should be said that she could not afford working at a tailor for a long time because she needed to realize her ideas and she wanted to create clothes of her own. However, she could hardly start her own business, if she had failed to meet Etienne Balsan at the tailor’s shop where Coco Chanel worked. In fact, it was an occasional encounter which though outgrew into a love affair which opened Chanel the way to a new, different and better life. Etienne Balsan was rich and quite influential. It is during her life with Balsan, Coco Chanel started to design hats. At first, it was just a hobby which gradually transformed into a true passion for designing new clothe items, especially hats, where she grew more and more skillful. Her early works were characterized by high originality since they were quite different from traditional hats. At the same time, the high quality of her products attracted a lot of customers, while her acquaintance with Balsan allowed her to engage customers representing the upper-class of the French society (Charles-Roux, 210). Nevertheless, her love affair with Balsan failed to evolve into a true love. At any rate, their relationships did not last for a long period of time and Coco Chanel left Balsan, moved to Paris and took over his apartment in the French capital. In 1913, she opened her first shop, where she sold fashionable raincoats and jackets. Remarkably, the originality and quality of her wear contributed to the huge success of her shop which allowed her to maintain relatively high standards of life and she became very popular in Paris, which, at the epoch, was one of the world’s centers of the fashion industry. However, the development of her business in Paris was overshadowed by the outbreak of World War I, which started in 1914 and affected the life of the entire country dramatically (Charles-Roux, 219). Nevertheless, Coco Chanel had never stopped working and continued designing new products which still remained popular and the demand for her wear was traditionally high. But she had to stop her business in Paris because she was deprived of all her properties. Nevertheless, Coco Chanel was not discouraged and carried on her professional work and designing became an essential part of her life. On the other hand, she could live with her ideas only. She needed money to earn to maintain living. In this regard, the assistance of Balsan’s friend, Arthur â€Å"Boy† Capel proved to be very helpful for Coco Chanel. Their friendship evolved into a love affair which made them very close and Capel helped Coco Chanel to open a new shop in Brittany, France, which, similarly to the shop in Paris, became very popular among local customers (Weber, 35). It is worth mentioning the fact that celebrated French actresses buy wear in Chanels’ shop which was very important for the promotional campaign of her shop. In fact, the interest of celebrities to her shop contributed to the growing popularity of her products and her design in France that contributed to her professional recognition, while the popularity allowed her to expand her business steadily. Due to her popularity, she managed to introduce new women’s sportswear at her new boutique in Deauville. In such a way, she could expand her business, but, what was even more important, Coco Chanel changed the philosophy of women’s wear. To put it more precisely, her new design and new wear made women confident of the fact that they were supposed to dress for themselves but not for their men. In fact, it was a revolutionary philosophy for France as well as the entire world at the epoch of World War I, when the ominance of men was unchallengeable, while the development of feminism was still insignificant (Charles-Roux, 248). Nevertheless, the design and new philosophy of Chanel produced a significant impact on the development of fashion and the 20th century culture at large. Remarkably, as Coco Chanel grew more and more popular she attempted to change some facts from her past. For instance, she pretended to be born in 1893, instead of 1883, while she insisted that she lo st her mother at the age of six, instead of twelve. In such a way, she created a kind of tragic image of an orphan girl, who managed to achieve a tremendous success due her talent and hard work. At the same time, such manipulations with her past evoked numerous controversies which were insurmountable for her biographers. This is why some details of her biography are still quite controversial and unclear. The 1920s were the epoch of the fast progress of Coco Chanel as a designer and her business developed successfully. Her design was really unique and her wear was very popular in France as well as in other countries. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the fact that her acquaintance with Vera Bate Lombardi, a daughter of Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge and Duke of Teck, became of a paramount importance for Chanel’s empire. In fact, Vera Lombardi became Chanel’s muse and public relations liaison to a number of European royal families, including the British royal family. Her acquaintance with representatives of royal families and upper-classes contributed to her empire growth in power. As a result, before World War II, Chanel’s was one of the most influential designers in Europe as well as the world, because Europe, especially Paris, where Coco Chanel resided in the Hotel Ritz Paris, was the heart of the world’s fashion design (Barringer, 28). However, World War II forced Coco Chanel to stop her work and business. Nevertheless, she remained in Paris even during the German occupation. This period in her life was probably the most controversial because, after the war, she was repeatedly accused of collaborationism. For instance, she was suspected of having a love affair with a German officer and Nazi soy Hans Gunther von Dinklage. Moreover, she was even arrested after the war but she escaped the t rial after the interference of the British royal family, but she was forced to move to Switzerland where she lived until 1954. In 1954, she returned to Paris where she renewed her work and her business, but her new collection did not have much success with the Parisians and French because they believe Chanel to be a collaborationist, which produced a negative impact on her public image. Nevertheless, in spite of the failure in France, Chanel had open a new market, the USA, where her wear became extremely popular and the USA became her main market in the post-World War II period. On the other hand, even though the USA was the main market for Chanel’s Empire, Coco Chanel, herself, had never left Paris and stayed in this city until her death on 10 January 1971. She died at the age of 88 in her private suit in the Ritz Hotel Paris and she was buried in Lausanne, Switzerland (Charles-Roux, 341). Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that Coco Chanel was a very influential fashion designer. She had changed the traditional view on women’s wear and she had changed the women’s philosophy in regard to the wear. She was one of the first designers who made women think of themselves above all, instead of thinking of their men when they choose the clothes. At the same time, her personality is still quite controversial because, in spite of a huge popularity before World War II, she failed to regain the popularity in France after the war.

When primary participants talk to interpreters Essay Example for Free

When primary participants talk to interpreters Essay To be realistic about an interpreters role, we can examine several more examples of the way speakers interact and take turns. In this first example, І look at Ð ° turn in which Ð ° primary participant speaks directly to the Interpreter. Because examples from this case study corpus are relatively limited, І will add another example that appeared in an interpreter membership association newsletter, interpreters complain frequently about the propensity of primary participants to address utterances directly to interpreters. They imply that the primary participants should know better; they should know that interpreters only relay messages; they do not answer or speak directly to participants. Interestingly, their complaints seem to focus on the participant who is the professional or institutional representative, generally Ð ° speaker of Ð ° majority language, not the citizen or client, who speaks Ð ° minority language. Asking Ð ° question or speaking directly to an interpreter affords an opportunity to study the interaction around this dilemma, to examine different responses, and to learn whether primary participants are confirming or denying the role performance of the interpreter. S: FILMING? pointing at the researcher FILMING? І: [to the researcher] FILMING? Are you filming? R: yes І: YES [to the Student] The Student wants to know if filming has begun so he poses the question to the Interpreter. The Interpreter then asks the Researcher (who understands ASL) first using ASL, and then asking in English. Because the camera lens was fogged and the Researcher could not see clearly (Ð ° problem that cleared up), she did not respond to the signed utterance. When she heard the question, she answered in English, and the Interpreter relayed the answer to the Student. Although the Interpreter does relay this query from the Student, he is supposed to relay this question to the Professor as the other primary participant. In interpreting ideology, interpreters are not supposed to answer direct questions; rather they should pass on the question to allow the primary speaker to answer (see Metzger 1995: Chap 5). The Researcher is an ancillary participant who is supposed to be ignored because she is filming the event. But the Interpreter did relay the question on to Ð ° participant other than himself. That leaves two questions to be asked: To whom was the question directed? Why didnt the Interpreter relay the question to the Professor? Let us begin with the second question. The Interpreter did not relay the question to the Professor because she was answering the telephone and was speaking to the person who called. In conversational interaction, one primary participant can be called to attend to other matters or conversations, Ð ° perfectly ordinary occurrence in interaction. For example, when І accompany my mother to the lawyers office, the lawyer occasionally interrupts the meeting to answer Ð ° phone call or conduct Ð ° side conversation with his secretary. While he is engaged, my mother and І talk over what she and her lawyer are discussing or something else entirely. In this interaction, when the Professor is otherwise engaged, the Student can and does ask the Interpreter Ð ° question about the other activity at the meeting. So the Interpreter does not relay the question to the Professor because the question was not directed at her. Now lets consider the first question: To whom was the question directed? Because the Student could see the Professor uses the phone and because he asked the Interpreter, rather than turning around and asking the Researcher, and simply pointed in the direction of the Researcher, the question seems to be directed at the Interpreter. Most likely, the Student thought that the Interpreter could answer because video cameras generally have lights that come on when filming my point here is that Ð ° primary participant spoke directly to the Interpreter when the other primary participant was not attending to the interaction and had absented herself from the interaction with the Student. Participants act and react to interpreters as potential conversational partners and seem unaware that the task of interpreting should preclude treating an interpreter as Ð ° potential interlocutor. To primary participants, then, it must seem natural, even ordinary, to interact with interpreters as capable human beings who can answer and ask questions. This might suggest to interpreters that primary participants are never going to act as though interpreters are not also real participants in the interaction. It also suggests that interacting directly with an interpreter does not come about arbitrarily, but rather because of other social norms that govern interaction when Ð ° primary participant is interrupted and moves the focus off the reason and purpose for coming together. My next example is drawn from an article in Views (January 1998), the newsletter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Ð ° North American association of sign language interpreters. In this article, the author presented an example similar to the previous one: Ð ° primary speaker asks an interpreter Ð ° question. The situation was Ð ° doctors office where Ð ° Deaf patient was being examined. During the examination the doctor turns to the interpreter and asks, How did you get into the field? Is sign language hard to learning? The dilemma presented to readers was that the interpreter was asked Ð ° question by the doctor but was not sure how to handle this situation or who should answer the question. The author suggested that determining Ð ° solution is Ð ° matter of ethics and that knowing ways of solving ethical dilemmas assists interpreters, particularly beginning interpreters, in arriving at good solutions. Although І agree that student interpreters should be trained to solve ethical dilemmas, under the scrutiny of discourse analysis, this particular phenomenon might not be an ethical problem but rather an ordinary happenstance in the interactional process of discourse. We can begin by noting that no other information is provided about the meeting and its progress. The doctors question is presented in isolation. As the preceding example demonstrated, it matters what the other participants are doing. We do not know what the patient is doing, what was said prior, or what is said afterward. This is the point about studying interpreters in actual interaction. Utterances do not arise on their own but are created in and reflected by the ongoing situation, and understanding or interpreting utterances is based on and is particular to that context. The patient could be changing clothes, could be having her temperature taken, or could be in the bathroom. The next thing to consider is that whether or not people are engaged in purposeful activity that may have serious consequences, such as Ð ° medical exam, they also monitor relationships, attitudes, and feelings. When doctors examine patients, it is not out of the ordinary to engage in small talk which seems to put everyone at ease. Nor is it unusual, when patients are unavailable for conversation, for doctors to engage in brief conversations with other person(s) in the room. Once, while my teenager was having her temperature taken, Ð ° doctor turned and began chatting with me about the extreme heat we were experiencing that summer. In general, all the participants engaged in interaction are available for conversation (Goffman 1967). In some ways, professionals, such as doctors and lawyers, experience Ð ° sense of being hosts within their spaces and thus attempt to acknowledge all the participants within the space, either by conversation or nonverbally.

Pump And Hydraulic Fluid Engineering Essay

Pump And Hydraulic Fluid Engineering Essay Introduction: This assignment mainly talks about the hydraulic system in an aircraft. The hydraulic system in an aircraft is use for operating various services such as landing gear, wheel brakes and power flight controls etc. Each system has its own hydraulic circuit within the system. These independent circuits are connected to the common pressure and return lines of the hydraulic power circuit. A complete power hydraulic system consists of the following; A power or delivery circuit, A number of service circuits, Emergency circuits. Below is the diagram of basic hydraulic system; http://www.ustudy.in/sites/default/files/images/hydraulic-system.gif Task Two: Pump: Pump provides pressurise hydraulic fluid to the system by comprising the fluid which comes from the reservoir. Pump can pressurise the fluid up to 5000 psi. depends on different pumps. Pressure Reducing Valve: The Pressure Reducing valve reduces the system output pressure to a pressure suitable for operating a specific system or component. Pressure Relief Valve: Whenever there is excessive pressure in the system the pressure relief valve reliefs the extra pressure. Reservoir: The function of reservoir in the hydraulic system is to store the hydraulic fluid and delivers the hydraulic fluid to the pump which then gives the pressurise fluid to the system. The reservoir also pressurise the fluid up to 40psi in order to not get cavitation. Motor: The function of Motor is to help in engaging the pump and also help in starting the system. Strainer: Strainer is a filter. It filters out the dirt before the fluid goes to the pump. There are high and low pressures strainers, normally the high pressure strainer are after the pump and low pressure are before the pump. Task Three: B767 HYDRAULICS SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION: This airplane has three independent hydraulics systems which are; Left Hydraulic system This hydraulics system powers the; Flight controls Left side engine Thrust reversal It consists of; Reservoir, Engine Driven pump, and Electric motor driven pump Right Hydraulic system This system is similar to Left hydraulic system and it consists of same; Reservoir, Engine driven pump, and Electric motor driven pump This system powers the; Flight controls, Right side engine Thrust reversal, Normal brakes, and Pitch enhancement Centre hydraulics system The system consists of; Reservoir, Two Electric motor driven pumps, An Air driven demand pump, and RAT (Ram Air Turbine) pump It powers the; Flight controls, Nose wheel steering, Flaps and slats, Alternate brakes, Landing gear, Hydraulic driven generator, and Tail skid So basically the hydraulic system of this aircraft powers the; Flight controls, Leading edge slats, Trailing edge flaps, Landing gear, Wheel brakes, Nose wheel steering, Autopilot servos, Thrust reversals, and Tail skid Flight control system components are distributed so that any hydraulic system can provide adequate airplane controllability. All hydraulic reservoirs supplies fluid to pumps and these pumps pressurized the system and the reservoirs are pressurized by bleed air system. Below figure shows three independent system what they consist of and to what they power. It also display there switches in the cockpit. HYDRAULIC SYSTEM SCHEMATICS FLUID SUPPLY Hydraulic fluid is supplied to each pump from a reservoir. Reservoirs are pressurized from bleed air system. There is fluid quantity measured device in all the reservoirs which provides information on EICAS status display. When RF illuminates on the EICAS status page then the reservoirs requires refilling prior to dispatch. Valid only when airplane is on ground with both engines shutdown or after landing with flaps up during taxi-in. As shown in figure below; The QTY (1) light illuminates and the EICAS advisory message e.g. L HYD QTY displays which means that left side reservoir fluid quantity is low. SYS PRESS (2) illuminates when the system pressure is less. ENGINE DRIVEN PUMP: The primary hydraulic system pump is engine driven pump. As there are two engines on this aircraft it has two engines driven pump left and right. It runs with the engine and pressurized the system. When the pump output pressure is low the primary pump PRESS light illuminates on the hydraulic overhead panel and a warning display on the EICAS e.g. (if it is right side) R HYD PRIM PUMP. When the pump temperature is high OVHT light illuminates on the hydraulic overhead panel and again a warning display on the EICAS e.g. (if its left side) L PRIM HYD OVHT ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEN PRIMARY PUMP: The two centre electric motor driven primary pumps are identical to the left and right systems electric motor driven pumps. The C2 pump may be load shed automatically to reduce electrical loads. As you can see the figure above it has also the same PRESS low pressure and over heat OVHT warnings on hydraulic overhead panel. The associated EICAS messages for low output pressure C HYD PRIM 1 or C HYD PRIM 2 and for over heat C HYD 1 OVHT or C HYD 2 OVHT. ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEN DEMAND PUMP: An electric motor driven demand pump provides an additional hydraulic power either on demand or continuously for periods of high system demand. The demand pump also provides a backup hydraulic power source for the engine driven primary pumps. To reduce electrical load, the electric demand pump is inhibited on the ground during engine start of either engine, when only one electrical generator is operating. The demand pump PRESS and SYS PRESS lights illuminates when starting engines on the ground. As shown in the figure below the overhead hydraulic panel with warnings. The warnings will also display on the EICAS e.g. R HYD DEM PUMP. AIR DRIVEN DEMAND PUMP: An air driven demand pump also provides additional hydraulic power either on demand or continuously for periods of high system demand. This pump provides the backup hydraulic power for electric motor driven primary pumps. As shown in picture above it shows the warnings on the hydraulic panel PRESS when its low pressure and OVHT when the pump come over heat. The warning can also be seen in EICAS. RAT (RAM AIR TURBINE) PUMP: This pump is used in emergency conditions it provides hydraulic power to the flight control portion of the centre hydraulic system. The RAT provides adequate hydraulic power at the speed above 130 knots. In flight, the RAT deploys automatically when both engine fails. The RAT is inhibited from auto deployment on the ground. The RAT can be deployed manually by pushing the RAT switch. The UNLKD light illuminates and the EICAS advisory message RAT UNLOCKED displays when the RAT is not stowed and locked. Once the RAT is producing the pressure the PRESS lights illuminates. The SYS PRESS light illuminated if RAT is only the source of centre system pressure. Once the RAT is deployed then it cannot be stowed in flight. SYSTEM PRESSURE INDICATIONS: The SYS PRESS lights illuminates and the EICAS caution message e.g. ( for left hydraulic system) L HYD SYS PRESS when the left side hydraulic system pressure is low same for the right side and centre system. HYDRAULIC DRIVEN GENERATOR: Hydraulic driven generator is automatically powered by the centre system when electrical power is lost from both main AC buses. The centre air demand pump then operates continuously to ensure sufficient hydraulic pressure to drive the generator. HYDRAULIC PANEL: System Pressure (SYS PRESS) Lights: Illuminated (amber) system pressure is low. Reservoir Low Quantity (QTY) Lights: Illuminated (amber) reservoir quantity is low. Left/Right Engine (L/R ENG) Primary Pump Switches: ON the engine driven hydraulic pump pressurized when engine rotates. OFF (ON not visible) the engine driven hydraulic pump is turned off and depressurized. Pump Pressure Lights (PRESS) : Illuminated amber Pump output pressure is low. Pump Overheat (OVHT) Lights: Illuminated amber pump temperature is high. Centre 1/2 Electric (C1/2 ELEC) Primary Pump Switches: ON the electric motor driven pump pressurized the centre hydraulic system. OFF the electric motor driven pump is turned off and is not pressurizing the system. Left/Right Electric and Centre Air ( L/R ELEC and C AIR) Demand Pump Selectors: ON continuous operation AUTO Left/Right electric pumps operate when engine pump pressure is low. Centre air demand pump operates when both centre electric pump pressure is low. Centre AIR demand pump operates when heavy load items are selected. OFF Pumps are turned off LANDING GEAR: Introduction: The airplane has two main landing gear and single nose gear. The nose gear is a steerable with two wheel unit. Each main gear has four wheels in tandem pairs. Hydraulic power for retraction, extension, and steering is supplied by the centre hydraulic system. An alternative extension system is also provided. Below is the schematic of the landing gear system; Air Ground Sensing System: The air ground sensing system receives air ground logic signals from tilt sensors located on each main landing gear. These signals are used to configure the airplane system to the appropriate air or ground status. A nose air ground system receives signals from nose gear strut compression sensors. These signals are for controlling stall warning and portions of the caution and warning system. LANDING GEAR UNDER NORMAL OPERATION: The landing gears are normally controlled by the landing gear lever. On the ground, the lever is held in DN position by an automatic lever lock controlled by the main gear tilt sensor. The lever lock can manually overridden by pushing and holding the landing gear lever LOCK OVRD switch. In flight, the lever lock is automatically released through the air ground sensing of main gear tilt sensor. Landing Gear Retraction: When the landing gear lever is positioned to UP, the tilted landing gear begins to retract. The landing gear doors open and the gear retract to up position. Automatic wheel braking occurs during gear retraction. The landing gear lever is placed in the OFF position to depressurize the landing gear system. Landing Gear Extension: When the landing gear level is moved to DN, the landing gear door opens, the gear are unlocked, and the GEAR and DOORS light illuminates. The gears are hydraulically powered to the down and lock position. The down locks are powered to the lock position, all hydraulically actuated gear door close, and the main gear trucks hydraulically tilt to the flight position. When all gears are down and locked, the gear down light illuminates and the GEAR and DOOR light extinguish. Landing Gear Alternative Extension: The alternative landing gear extension system uses an electric motor to trip the locking mechanism for each gear. Selecting DN on the ALTN GEAR EXTEND switch releases all the door and gear up locks, the landing gear then free fall to the down and locked position. TASK FOUR: HEALTH SAFETY REGULATION: Introduction: The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 cover a wide range of basic health, safety and welfare issues and apply to most workplaces (with the exception of those workplaces involving construction work on construction sites, those in or on a ship, or those below ground at a mine). They are amended by the Quarries Regulations 1999, the Health and Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2002, the Work at Height Regulations 2005, and the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007. These Regulations aim to ensure that workplaces meet the health, safety and welfare needs of all members of a workforce, including people with disabilities. Several of the Regulations require things to be suitable. Followings are the Health and safety regulations which should be followed in the working place; HEALTH: Ventilation Workplaces need to be adequately ventilated. Fresh, clean air should be drawn from a source outside the workplace, uncontaminated by discharges from flues, chimneys or other process outlets, and be circulated through the workrooms. Ventilation should also remove and dilute warm, humid air and provide air movement which gives a sense of freshness without causing a draught. If the workplace contains process or heating equipment or other sources of dust, fumes or vapours, more fresh air will be needed to provide adequate ventilation. Windows or other openings may provide sufficient ventilation but, where necessary, mechanical ventilation systems should be provided and regularly maintained. Temperatures in indoor workplaces Environmental factors (such as humidity and sources of heat in the workplace) combine with personal factors (such as the clothing a worker is wearing and how physically demanding their work is) to influence what is called someones thermal comfort. Individual personal preference makes it difficult to specify a thermal environment which satisfies everyone. For workplaces where the activity is mainly sedentary, for example offices, the temperature should normally be at least 16 Â °C. If work involves physical effort it should be at least 13 Â °C (unless other laws require lower temperatures). Work in hot or cold environment This includes risk to workers health from working in either a hot or cold environment needs to consider both personal and environmental factors. Personal factors include body activity, the amount and type of clothing, and duration of exposure. Environmental factors include ambient temperature and radiant heat; and if the work is outside, sunlight, wind velocity and the presence of rain or snow. Lighting: Lighting should be sufficient to enable people to work and move about safely. Lighting and light fittings should not create any hazard. Automatic emergency lighting, powered by an independent source, should be provided where sudden loss of light would create a risk. Cleanliness and waste material Every workplace and the furniture, furnishings and fittings should be kept clean and it should be possible to keep the surfaces of floors, walls and ceilings clean. Cleaning and the removal of waste should be carried out as necessary by an effective method. Waste should be stored in suitable receptacles. Room dimensions and space: Workrooms should have enough free space to allow people to move about with ease. Workstations and seating: Workstations should be suitable for the people using them and for the work they do. People should be able to leave workstations swiftly in an emergency. If work can or must be done sitting, seats which are suitable for the people using them and for the work they do should be provided. Seating should give adequate support for the lower back, and footrests should be provided for workers who cannot place their feet flat on the floor. SAFETY: Maintenance: The workplace, and certain equipment, devices and systems should be maintained in efficient working order (efficient for health, safety and welfare). Such maintenance is required for mechanical ventilation systems; equipment and devices which would cause a risk to health, safety or welfare if a fault occurred; and equipment and devices intended to prevent or reduce hazard. The condition of the buildings needs to be monitored to ensure that they have appropriate stability and solidity for their use. This includes risks from the normal running of the work process (e.g. vibration, floor loadings) and foreseeable risks (e.g. fire in a cylinder store). Floor: The surfaces should not have holes or be uneven or slippery, and should be kept free of obstructions and from any article or substance which may cause a person to slip, trip or fall. Criteria for defects such as subsidence, unevenness, pot holes, collection of surface water, cracks and ruts should be determined and set, and maintenance systems developed to undertake repair when these limits are exceeded. Windows: Open able windows, skylights and ventilators should be capable of being opened, closed or adjusted Safely and, when open, should not pose any undue risk to anyone. FATIGUE TESTING MACHINE: Fatigue testing machine test and determines the useful working life of a component which is subjected to repeated load. Fatigue testing machine applies pre-defined loads or alternating loads to the sample component and records fatigue life indicated by the number of cycles required to product failure. Health Safety Issue: Followings are the health and safety issues with fatigue testing machine; As Fatigue-testing machines produce heavy vibration so it requires a strong foundation. Safety guidelines provided by the metal fatigue-testing equipment manufacturers should be followed before starting a fatigue test. Proper controls and accessories should be installed for fatigue-testing machine to prevent accidents. Task Five: Maintenance Procedure for Landing Gear: Landing Gear is the most rugged part of an aircraft and should be maintain properly in order not have accidents. In order to increase the life span and minimising the accidents regularly inception should be made for inspecting the landing gear because of the force hitting the runway upon landing stresses the entire system no matter how gentle the landing is. Following is the procedure to maintain the landing gear; Place the aircraft on jacks in the approved manner as detailed in the manufacturers maintenance manual. Interconnect a manual pump (complete with a one gallon reservoir and a 3000 p.s.i. pressure gauge) into the system at the service tee fitting. This fitting is located downstream of the pump check valve. Deactivate the pump and motor by disconnecting the plug on the pressure switch. Disconnect the pressure relief valve and the thermal relief valve from the system and cap off the lines. Disconnect the accumulator from the system and cap off the line. Pressurise the system to 3000 p.s.i. When the pressure reaches 3000 p.s.i., the system must remain within 50 p.s.i. of this pressure for one minute without additional pumping. Reconnect the THERMAL relief valve and pressurise the system until the valve opens. The cracking pressure of the valve should be 2200 + or 50 p.s.i.* With the gear doors disconnected, select gear up and retract using the hand pump. Take the gear up slowly and check the flex lines for clearance and signs of chafing. When the gear reaches the up position, increase the pressure to 3000 p.s.i. The system must again remain within 50 p.s.i. of this pressure for one minute. Pull the 5 amp L/G control breaker, reconnect the pressure switch plug and reset the 5 amp breaker. Extend the gear with the normal system. Reconnect the pressure relief valve and pressurise the system until the valve opens. The cracking pressure for this valve is the same as the thermal relief valve, 2200 + or 50 p.s.i.* Disconnect manual pump from service tee and cap tee. Check emergency nitrogen bottle is charged to 1500 p.s.i. With gear in down position and system pressurised, open manual nitrogen valve in the cockpit and check for leaks between the valve and the actuators. Maximum leakage rate, 50 p.s.i. in ten minutes. Close the manual nitrogen valve and bleed off the pressure in the emergency system by loosening the line at the bleed valve in the nose wheel well. Prior to re-connecting the line, check that the bleed valve is open. Blow air gently into the bleed valve fitting and check the top of the valve for a flow of air. Charge the accumulator to 1250 p.s.i. Re-connect to the system. Recharge the emergency nitrogen bottle to 1500 p.s.i. http://www.business.com/images/divider.gif Tasks Yes No Jack is placed on right position Aircraft is put on jack according to maintenance manual Connect manual pump into the system at service tee fitting. Fill it to one gallon reservoir with 3000 psi. Pump De-activated Pressure relief valve and thermal valve dis-connected Accumulator dis-connected Pressurise till 3000 psi System remain at 50 psi for a minute Thermal relief valve re-connected and system pressurise until the valve opens Gear doors dis-connected Gear up selected Retract using the hand pump and check the flex lines for clearance and signs of chafing. On the gear reaches the up position, increase the pressure to 3000 p.s.i. The system must again remain within 50 p.s.i. of this pressure for one minute. System remained within 50 p.s.i. for one minute. 5 amp L/G control breaker pulled. Pressure switch plug reconnected and reset the 5 amp breaker reset Gear extended with the normal system. Pressure relief valve reconnected and pressurise the system until the valve opens Manual Pump dis-connected Emergence Bottle check Leakage check between the valve actuator Emergency system check Emergency Bottler recharge to 1500 psi.

Abolishing Welfare will NOT Reduce Teenage Pregnancy :: essays research papers

Abolishing Welfare will NOT Reduce Teenage Pregnancy Robert J. Samuelson, a freelance writer for â€Å"Newsweek† magazine believes that the present welfare system needs to be abolished for certain age groups, and that as a result, teenage pregnancy is on the rise. Either this writer is desperate or he just does not care what he writes about. I believe that Samuelson’s article displays non conclusive data for his facts, financial flaws, and severe racial issues, but what really infuriate me is that he believes that abolishing welfare is the solution to eliminating teenage pregnancy and â€Å"Newsweek† magazine really printed this article.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Samuelson focuses on the black family from the beginning of his article by giving statistics that are non conclusive. He states that â€Å"A young black child now has only a one-in-five chance of growing up with two parents.†(43) How does he know this? He is not giving any supporting information on this at all to make me believe that it is accurate and factual information. Nevertheless, in making comparisons, he should have given the chances for whites and supported his research better. I am not saying that this information is incorrect, but what I am implying is that I could have believed it if I would have been able to see it for myself. Samuelson also used information from Leon Dash, a black reporter for the â€Å"Washington Post† in his article. First of all, Dash is a black man giving his insight on living in the black community for a year to understand teenage pregnancy. Samuelson is a white man viewing Dash’s conclusion in his own words to make his story look good. This is irrelevant and Samuelson should have gone to live in the black community to do his own research instead of giving his overall conclusion on Dash’s research. Samuelson believes that financial hardship is basically the problem, but of course I disagree. He states â€Å"In 1991, median family income for black married couples was $33,000; for a single mother, median income was $11,400.†(43) This is another case of not having supporting information as well as non comparisons to white’s income. Yes, you do need money to provide for your family, but does not having a lot of money really mean that your kids will be unsuccessful? No, money does not dictate how successful kids are. Let’s look at my family for example: my mother was a single parent and she did not have a lot of money, but my brother and I are very successful.

Essay --

Video games have shaped this country in many ways, in such a way that no other product has even came close. This accomplishment would not have been met if it were not for its many different types games there are for sale. If someone were to ask someone that was from an era where video games were popular and you asked them about games from the old age and the new age, that gien person will either know what you are talking about and/or had the experience to play that game. That is how popular video games are in this country. There are many different types of videos games that consumers can choose from. When someone walks into a video game store, or anywhere that sells video games, they are bombarded with huge selections of games. These games vary from action games, war games, tracing games, and even role- playing games. The list of possible selections could go on and on. But, the three best types of games that have been consistently popular have been the third-person video games, first -person video games, and arcade games. Though there are many different types of video games that are out on the market, each one gives the user its own unique experience. A type of video games that I have had a lot of experience with are first person shooter games. A first person video game makes looks through the perspective of the character. This means that the only object seen is the gun or whatever object the character has in hand. Some examples of this type of game include: Call of Duty, Borderlands, Halo, and many others. Usually, these types of games makes someone feel like they are apart of the story line and really gives a feeling that he/she is right there in the action and gives players a cool outlook on the game while playing. This experien... ...s of the games and have at least played arcade games a few times. This just shows that arcade games are still popular among the children and teen population today, and still very well known and appreciated by the adult population. There are many types of video games out there for the consumer to buy and enjoy in their free time. The types of games that I thought were the most popular were first-person, third-person, and arcade games. These sought- after games have been both popular and popular throughout the world. The consumer can see this by how the demand for these types of games has been constant for a number of years. It is up to the consumer to make up their opinion if a game is good or bad. I believe everyone should give these games a chance, because they are not only the best sellers of this video game era, but are in my opinion the most enjoyable to play.

Surviving the Cold War

When America dropped a bomb on Japan in 1945 it marked the end of World War 2 and the beginning of the Cold War. The government urged citizens to be prepared for the worst; an atomic bomb. It was a time of extreme fear. It was a time to take measures in your own hands to protect your family. As head of my household during the cold war it would be hard not to fall pray to the constant propaganda of the day. Since any above ground post atomic attack survival strategies would be futile; efforts would be made for an underground or bunker survival. I would build a shelter at least four levels deep underground. The engineering behind this structure would have to be well thought out. Things like radiation resistant paint would be carefully considered. Every minor detail would be planned out before taking on construction. The creation of a survival plan would be part of the essential strategy. This would be rehearsed on a regular basis so in the event, things would operate smoothly. Each member of the family would be charged with specific duties, to avoid any confusion and chaos. It would be practiced routinely so that it becomes second nature. In order to survive extended periods of time in a confined space your basic requirements must be met. The storage of water and food would be priority. I would try to build a tank that could hold at least a thousand gallons of water; as for food as many dried and can goods as possible. There would be no such thing as too much. My goal would be to have enough resources to last a year. I would make sure we had adequate power supply with back up generators and batteries for a year. Having an extensive first aid kit would be fundamental, in case of minor injuries and exposure to hazardous materials. Another key strategy would be secrecy. Information about the family bunker and supplies would not be shared with neighbors or any other non family members. I feel this is imperative for our survival. If the news of our location was shared with people our survival would be compromised because of having to share our resources and limited space. Finally the need for information would be a central motivator for reading the paper and watching the news reports about nemy operations and threats against the homeland. Keeping abreast of the news would let me know if it is safe to go outside or not. If we are expecting anymore bomb treats and generally what’s going on in the world around us. In any society that lives under fear, it is extremely important to be informed. Being prepared as best as possible would be your only chance for survival. Throughout history mankind have engaged in wars and I firmly believe that like them, we too; are resilient and can survive with the right preparations.

To Kill A Mockingbird Chapter Summaries

Chapter 2-3 Dill goes back to his hometown.. ]em and scout have first day of skool ms. Caroline tries to give money to Walter Cunningham for lunch but he never has lunch he's supa poor scout gets in trouble for being able to read and write then burris ewell makes ms. Caroline cry scout wants to drop outta skool but makes a compromise wit atticus that she will go to skool if they keep reading everynight. Chapter 4 Scout thinks something is missing and school wasn't really in her future. She finds 2 pieces of gum near the Radley property but Jem makes her spit it out then the next day they find two pennies and keep them†¦Scout and Calpurnia are getting along. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose meanest old lady ever. Jem roles scout down the road ina tire she falls out and Jem acts tuff and gets the tire out off boo's yard then they play Boo Radley (reinactment) Jem says boo radly is dead but that makes scout nervous because she knows he isnt Sent from my Verizon Wireless BlackBerry Chapt er 5 Dill purposed to Scout then forgot about it a little later in the summer. Dill and Jem excluded Scout. Scout became closer to Ms. Maudie Atkinson. (Widow Scout describes as chameleon lady, hates her house and gardens. ) Scout and Ms.Maudie talk about the Bible. The 3 kids try to dangle a fishing pole with a note on it saying come out to Boo Radley, but Atticus gets mad. Chapter 6 It is the last day Dill is in Maycomb, and at night they decide to try to catch a glimpse of Boo Radley, but they see a shadow and run away. While they are running, Scout trips and makes a gunshot noise (or Boo shoots not sure) they try to meet at a tree near school but Jem's pants get stuck on a fence and have to lie to the adults that he lost them in strip poker to Dill. During the night he goes and gets them even though Scout tells him not too.Chapter 7 Scout is now in 2nd grade and Jem tells her that the night he went back to Radley Place for his pants, they had been sewed messily and folded like s omeone knew he would come back. They also found a ball of grey string in the hiding spot they discovered. The next day they found 2 pieces of soap with images carved in the shape of a boy & a other in a crude dress. They realize the images carved in are themselves. They are trying to figure out who did it. Two weeks later they find a whole pack of gum. Four days later they found a broken pocket watch with an aluminum knife.They write a thank-you note to the giver, but Nathan Radley had cemented in the whole saying it was dying but it was really healthy. Chapter 8 Scout says her and Jem haven't been obeying their dad, Atticus. Mrs. Radley died but no one really cared. It snows for the first time and Scout is scared because she's never seen snow. They have a snow day and no one but them seems to like the snow. They make a large snow man filled with dirt because they don't have much snow. Ms. Maudie's house catches on fire along with Ms. Rachel's but only Ms. Maudie's burns down. Someh ow a mysterious blanket appears around Scout's shoulders.It is implied that Boo Radley put it there. Jem comes clean about all their secrets. They return Ms. Maudie's hat and hedge clipper that they had borrowed to diguise the snowman. Chapter 9 Scout gets mad because Cecil Jacobs says Atticus defends blacks (in court). Scout keeps trying to get out of going to school. Atticus only tells her yes (he does defend a black) and his name is Tom Robinson (a good friend of Cal's). He doesn't want to tell Scout what the case is. He says he took the case to keep respect. Scout talks about Cousin Ike. Uncle Jack stays with them for a week and gives them air rifles.Then, they visit Finch's landing for Christmas. Francis, her annoying cousin, also gives her trouble over Atticus taking Tom Robinson's case. Chapter 10 Atticus is very old (50) unlike the childrens' classmates. He has a â€Å"boring† Job. He never drinks or anything so he isn't very inconspicous. Atticus says its a sin to ki ll a mockingbird because all they do is sing. Scout tries to shoot Ms. Maudie's butt, so Atticus goes over to warn her. The kids go hunting and find Tim a hurt old dog, so they want to help him, but Cal calls around to warn people about the mad dog.The ops come and everyone locks themselves inside. Someone hands Atticus a gun to shoot the dog but he refuses. He ends up shooting the dog and his kids cannot believe he shot the dog. They find out that Atticus' nickname was old one shot. Ms. Maudie tells the kids he gave up hunting because he thought god gave him an unfair advantage. Chapter 1 1 Jem and Scout hate Mrs. Dubose and think she keeps a pistol concealed, and they tried not to past her house. Atticus says Mrs. Dubose is old and sick and not to let her get to Jem. Jem and Scout go to town to buy himself a little steam engine and Scout a aton.But, Jem gets very mad when she says Atticus isn't any better than the n*ggers he defends. Scout pulls him away. When they walk back home, Mrs. Dubose wasnt on the porch. Jem snatched her baton and ran through her yard and left only when he ruined all of her camellia flower bushes, he broke Scouts baton. Atticus gets mad at Jem for ruining Mrs. Dubose's garden and makes him go apologize to her. Atticus says he couldn't go to church if he didn't take Tim Robinson's case. Mrs. Dubose has Jem clean up her yard and says every saturday he has to work on her yard and every ay except Sundays tor a month ne nas to read to her.Scout describes ner as very ugly. While he was reading, she began to become distant (NOT in a good way). They ask if she is okay. Atticus tells Scout what a n*gger lover is. They realize that the alarm clock has been going off a little later each day. They finally finish all the reading and are very happy. Mrs. Dubose dies and Atticus brings a candy box home from her for Jem. Atticus wrote her will and she broke herself from her morphine addiction right before she died. She died free as the â€Å"mounta in air† the box has a white camellia in it. He yells â€Å"Oh hell devil! Atticus wanted Jem to see how courageous she was and courage isn't a man with a gun it is someone that knows they are going to lose but still goes through with whatever they are doing. Chapter 12 Jem is 12 and Scout realizes she shouldn't bother him. Jem tells her to be a girl. Summer comes and Dill doesn't come because he has a new father that he will be spending time with him. He starts reading the paper and all that. Cal says the kids can go to church with her, they are excited. Everyone is respectful of the group, except for Lulu, who asks why Cal brought white kids to a n*gger church.No instruments or books inside, Just a wooden fan for everyone. Even though the kids have dimes, they take Cal's. The priest introduces them and says, â€Å"you all know their father. † They count the money and say no one can leave until they have $10 to help Tim's family. The priest says that Atticus was the ch urch's best friends. Cal tells Scout that Tim is in Jail for supposedly raping Mr. Ewell's girl. Scout doesn't know what a rape is. The kids find out that no one from the church can read and that Cal's supposed birthday is on christmas. Cal worked on Finch's Landing since she could ork and has always worked for the Finchs.Cal told the kids that she spoke like she was black with her neighbors at church so she wouldn't be out of place. Chapter 13 Aunt Alexandra visits. Her and Atticus decided it would be good for Scout to have a feminine role model. Atticus comes back and tells the kids that he thinks it is a good idea for Auntie to live with them, but Scout knows it was Auntie's idea. She became secretary to a Maycomb club. The town is so small and everyone married in it, so Scout says everyone looks alike. Auntie tells Atticus to do and he does tell the kids to live up to the Finch name.Scout and Jem feels like Atticus isn't the same person, but he changes back because Aunt Alexandr a told him to. Chapter 14 When Jem and Scout are going through town, people keep making comments and someone says something about rape, so when Atticus got home Scout asked him what rape was. Atticus says rape is â€Å"carnal knowledge of a female by force and without consent. † She asks him why Cal wouldn't tell her what rape was if that was all it was. Scout asks if she can go to Cal's house, but Auntie sharply says no. Scout over hears Auntie saying they should get rid of Cal. Scout and Jem brawl but Atticus eparates them.Scout thinks there's a snake under her bed but it turns out to be Dill. He hates his new father and tells them that a nearby farmer had been feeding him. Chapter 1 Dill scout and Jem follow atticus to town where they find him sitting in front of Tom robbinson's Jail cell, he waited until a huge mob of people cam in one of the people being the cunningham father. Scout starts sauing things about mr. Cunningham's son, and she gets the whole entire mob to lea ve tom alone without even realizing that she did so Chapter 16 The kids and Atticus go out in the night. In the morning Atticus says BraxtonUnderwood is a negro-hater, and Aunt Alexandra tells him not to say that infront of Cal, but Atticus says she probably knows and she also knows how much she means to them. Scout has noticed a change in Atticus over the past three days. They talk about how even though Mr. Cunningham was ready to kill Atticus with the mob they are still friends and the mob people are still people otherwise Scout couldn't have stopped them. Scout says when Walter comes back to school she's going to kill him, but Atticus tells her NOT to. Atticus tells the kids not to go downtown that day. (NOTE: pg 218 good quote atticus' parenting and profession) To Kill A Mockingbird Chapter Summaries Chapter 2-3 Dill goes back to his hometown.. ]em and scout have first day of skool ms. Caroline tries to give money to Walter Cunningham for lunch but he never has lunch he's supa poor scout gets in trouble for being able to read and write then burris ewell makes ms. Caroline cry scout wants to drop outta skool but makes a compromise wit atticus that she will go to skool if they keep reading everynight. Chapter 4 Scout thinks something is missing and school wasn't really in her future. She finds 2 pieces of gum near the Radley property but Jem makes her spit it out then the next day they find two pennies and keep them†¦Scout and Calpurnia are getting along. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose meanest old lady ever. Jem roles scout down the road ina tire she falls out and Jem acts tuff and gets the tire out off boo's yard then they play Boo Radley (reinactment) Jem says boo radly is dead but that makes scout nervous because she knows he isnt Sent from my Verizon Wireless BlackBerry Chapt er 5 Dill purposed to Scout then forgot about it a little later in the summer. Dill and Jem excluded Scout. Scout became closer to Ms. Maudie Atkinson. (Widow Scout describes as chameleon lady, hates her house and gardens. ) Scout and Ms.Maudie talk about the Bible. The 3 kids try to dangle a fishing pole with a note on it saying come out to Boo Radley, but Atticus gets mad. Chapter 6 It is the last day Dill is in Maycomb, and at night they decide to try to catch a glimpse of Boo Radley, but they see a shadow and run away. While they are running, Scout trips and makes a gunshot noise (or Boo shoots not sure) they try to meet at a tree near school but Jem's pants get stuck on a fence and have to lie to the adults that he lost them in strip poker to Dill. During the night he goes and gets them even though Scout tells him not too.Chapter 7 Scout is now in 2nd grade and Jem tells her that the night he went back to Radley Place for his pants, they had been sewed messily and folded like s omeone knew he would come back. They also found a ball of grey string in the hiding spot they discovered. The next day they found 2 pieces of soap with images carved in the shape of a boy & a other in a crude dress. They realize the images carved in are themselves. They are trying to figure out who did it. Two weeks later they find a whole pack of gum. Four days later they found a broken pocket watch with an aluminum knife.They write a thank-you note to the giver, but Nathan Radley had cemented in the whole saying it was dying but it was really healthy. Chapter 8 Scout says her and Jem haven't been obeying their dad, Atticus. Mrs. Radley died but no one really cared. It snows for the first time and Scout is scared because she's never seen snow. They have a snow day and no one but them seems to like the snow. They make a large snow man filled with dirt because they don't have much snow. Ms. Maudie's house catches on fire along with Ms. Rachel's but only Ms. Maudie's burns down. Someh ow a mysterious blanket appears around Scout's shoulders.It is implied that Boo Radley put it there. Jem comes clean about all their secrets. They return Ms. Maudie's hat and hedge clipper that they had borrowed to diguise the snowman. Chapter 9 Scout gets mad because Cecil Jacobs says Atticus defends blacks (in court). Scout keeps trying to get out of going to school. Atticus only tells her yes (he does defend a black) and his name is Tom Robinson (a good friend of Cal's). He doesn't want to tell Scout what the case is. He says he took the case to keep respect. Scout talks about Cousin Ike. Uncle Jack stays with them for a week and gives them air rifles.Then, they visit Finch's landing for Christmas. Francis, her annoying cousin, also gives her trouble over Atticus taking Tom Robinson's case. Chapter 10 Atticus is very old (50) unlike the childrens' classmates. He has a â€Å"boring† Job. He never drinks or anything so he isn't very inconspicous. Atticus says its a sin to ki ll a mockingbird because all they do is sing. Scout tries to shoot Ms. Maudie's butt, so Atticus goes over to warn her. The kids go hunting and find Tim a hurt old dog, so they want to help him, but Cal calls around to warn people about the mad dog.The ops come and everyone locks themselves inside. Someone hands Atticus a gun to shoot the dog but he refuses. He ends up shooting the dog and his kids cannot believe he shot the dog. They find out that Atticus' nickname was old one shot. Ms. Maudie tells the kids he gave up hunting because he thought god gave him an unfair advantage. Chapter 1 1 Jem and Scout hate Mrs. Dubose and think she keeps a pistol concealed, and they tried not to past her house. Atticus says Mrs. Dubose is old and sick and not to let her get to Jem. Jem and Scout go to town to buy himself a little steam engine and Scout a aton.But, Jem gets very mad when she says Atticus isn't any better than the n*ggers he defends. Scout pulls him away. When they walk back home, Mrs. Dubose wasnt on the porch. Jem snatched her baton and ran through her yard and left only when he ruined all of her camellia flower bushes, he broke Scouts baton. Atticus gets mad at Jem for ruining Mrs. Dubose's garden and makes him go apologize to her. Atticus says he couldn't go to church if he didn't take Tim Robinson's case. Mrs. Dubose has Jem clean up her yard and says every saturday he has to work on her yard and every ay except Sundays tor a month ne nas to read to her.Scout describes ner as very ugly. While he was reading, she began to become distant (NOT in a good way). They ask if she is okay. Atticus tells Scout what a n*gger lover is. They realize that the alarm clock has been going off a little later each day. They finally finish all the reading and are very happy. Mrs. Dubose dies and Atticus brings a candy box home from her for Jem. Atticus wrote her will and she broke herself from her morphine addiction right before she died. She died free as the â€Å"mounta in air† the box has a white camellia in it. He yells â€Å"Oh hell devil! Atticus wanted Jem to see how courageous she was and courage isn't a man with a gun it is someone that knows they are going to lose but still goes through with whatever they are doing. Chapter 12 Jem is 12 and Scout realizes she shouldn't bother him. Jem tells her to be a girl. Summer comes and Dill doesn't come because he has a new father that he will be spending time with him. He starts reading the paper and all that. Cal says the kids can go to church with her, they are excited. Everyone is respectful of the group, except for Lulu, who asks why Cal brought white kids to a n*gger church.No instruments or books inside, Just a wooden fan for everyone. Even though the kids have dimes, they take Cal's. The priest introduces them and says, â€Å"you all know their father. † They count the money and say no one can leave until they have $10 to help Tim's family. The priest says that Atticus was the ch urch's best friends. Cal tells Scout that Tim is in Jail for supposedly raping Mr. Ewell's girl. Scout doesn't know what a rape is. The kids find out that no one from the church can read and that Cal's supposed birthday is on christmas. Cal worked on Finch's Landing since she could ork and has always worked for the Finchs.Cal told the kids that she spoke like she was black with her neighbors at church so she wouldn't be out of place. Chapter 13 Aunt Alexandra visits. Her and Atticus decided it would be good for Scout to have a feminine role model. Atticus comes back and tells the kids that he thinks it is a good idea for Auntie to live with them, but Scout knows it was Auntie's idea. She became secretary to a Maycomb club. The town is so small and everyone married in it, so Scout says everyone looks alike. Auntie tells Atticus to do and he does tell the kids to live up to the Finch name.Scout and Jem feels like Atticus isn't the same person, but he changes back because Aunt Alexandr a told him to. Chapter 14 When Jem and Scout are going through town, people keep making comments and someone says something about rape, so when Atticus got home Scout asked him what rape was. Atticus says rape is â€Å"carnal knowledge of a female by force and without consent. † She asks him why Cal wouldn't tell her what rape was if that was all it was. Scout asks if she can go to Cal's house, but Auntie sharply says no. Scout over hears Auntie saying they should get rid of Cal. Scout and Jem brawl but Atticus eparates them.Scout thinks there's a snake under her bed but it turns out to be Dill. He hates his new father and tells them that a nearby farmer had been feeding him. Chapter 1 Dill scout and Jem follow atticus to town where they find him sitting in front of Tom robbinson's Jail cell, he waited until a huge mob of people cam in one of the people being the cunningham father. Scout starts sauing things about mr. Cunningham's son, and she gets the whole entire mob to lea ve tom alone without even realizing that she did so Chapter 16 The kids and Atticus go out in the night. In the morning Atticus says BraxtonUnderwood is a negro-hater, and Aunt Alexandra tells him not to say that infront of Cal, but Atticus says she probably knows and she also knows how much she means to them. Scout has noticed a change in Atticus over the past three days. They talk about how even though Mr. Cunningham was ready to kill Atticus with the mob they are still friends and the mob people are still people otherwise Scout couldn't have stopped them. Scout says when Walter comes back to school she's going to kill him, but Atticus tells her NOT to. Atticus tells the kids not to go downtown that day. (NOTE: pg 218 good quote atticus' parenting and profession)